The Top 10 South American Food Recipes

The Top 10 South American Food Recipes The Best of South American Cuisine ChaptersEvolution of South American RecipesSouth American Recipes Throughout the WorldTop 10 Recipes from South American CountriesBonus South American RecipesFrom agricultural goods such as lima beans and corn, to geographical diversity of the Amazon basin and Andean mountains â€" learn how the eating habits of South American countries have been formed from a blend of ancient history and modern socio-economic movements.Empanadas are not only wildly popular but can also be easy to make GiovanniCooking Teacher 4.83 (12) £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors HalimaCooking Teacher £12/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors HakimCooking Teacher 5.00 (5) £50/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors VincenzoCooking Teacher £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors GinellaCooking Teacher £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ArronCooking Teacher 5.00 (2) £9/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors JoshuaCooking Teacher 5.00 (5) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors FlickCooking Teacher 5.00 (1) £50/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutorsEvolution of South American RecipesWhile many South American foods are classified as traditional today - like tamales, hominy or plantain - these traditions were often shaped by the fusion of recipes from Amerindians, or indigenous people, and the various forces of colonization and immigration that the continent has witnessed. With the food norms brought by groups like the Spaniards and Portuguese, colonization brought many changes to the continent.From Tierra del Fuego to Peru, many South American countries have integrated ancient agricultural traditions with modern ones. One great example of this can be seen through the lens of sugar. While there is no denying the tragedies engendered by the exploitation of slaves and indentured workers for the propagation of sugar cane plantations, it is also widely recognized that this trade transformed foods in South America.While many historic accounts of th e evolution of food on the continent involve a “pre-Columbian” notion of the Americas, this view of history doesn’t do justice to the culturally important, ancient civilizations and food rites independent of colonization narratives.While obvious examples of this can be seen through awe-inspiring ruins, like the ones found at Machu Picchu in Peru, food can also serve as the gateway towards understanding and appreciating the ancient civilisations of South America. The growing and harvesting of the deliciously nutritious grain, quinoa, dates back to the Incan Empire.While this account does not delve into the intricate progression of culinary practices in South America, it does reveal how important ancient, criollo or creole, immigrant and invading groups have been towards the formation of many of the traditional dishes of South America.Have a look at the best cooking classes London on Superprof.South American Recipes Throughout the WorldFrom passion fruit to maize, the influence of South American cuisine can be felt throughout the world. In fact, many of the dishes traditionally thought of as limited to the South American kitchen can be found in countries like Romania and India.There are many reasons why South American dishes find their doppelgangers worldwide, one of which has to do with the fact that the colonization of South America introduced many new cooking practices to the continent from Europe and its other colonies.One dish that seems to have escaped that is the empanada. While the origins of empanadas in the Americas are still a bit murky, they generally follow the same recipe involving a savory, stuffed, dough baked pastry. This comfort food is actually also eaten in the Philippines, where it developed independently from South American influence. There, the empanada is cooked by being either deep fried or baked.From ceviche and cornmeal to beans and rice, there are many dishes that South America has either made popular or that hold similarities t o dishes in other countries.From the Andean mountains to the Islas Malvinas, or Falkland Islands - South American food and geography is extremely diverseTop 10 Recipes from South American CountriesFrom Paraguayan to Peruvian cuisine, South American foods and food culture is incredibly rich and diverse. Whether you’re Central American, European or more, expand your drink and food options by trying any of these tasty recipes.1. Argentina: ChimichurriWhether you’re cooking the red or green version, chimichurri sauce is said to have originated with Basque settlers in Argentina. The preparation for Argentinian chimichurri is typically made from parsley, garlic, pepper flakes, olive oil and wine vinegar. Served as a side, but typically eaten as a condiment, this Argentine dish is best eaten fresh and can be poured on top of churrasco.2. Bolivia: SaltenasIf you’re looking for a delicious alternative to arepas, look no further than the Bolivian version of empanadas. This empanada can be found made differently from city to city, but is generally made up of a meat filling wrapped up dough baked pastry.3. Brazil: FeijoadaWhile caipirinha might be your go to Brazilian recipe, the national dish, feijoada, is even more satisfying to make. Especially popular in Rio de Janeiro, the dish is a black bean stew mixed with meats such as pork or beef. In the northeast, people typically add in vegetables like cabbage, potatoes or okra.4. Chile: Pisco sourWhile pisco today is primarily made in and associated with Peru and Chile, the origins of the drink are intensely debated between the two. In any case, it has not only stood the test of time but also become one of the most popular dishes in both countries. A brandy made from distilling grape juice, pisco can be made into a variety of different cocktails. The most popular preparation, the pisco sour, in Peru involves mixing pisco with egg white, syrup, lime juice and bitters. The Chilean preparation differs only with the omissi on of bitters.5. Colombia: AguardienteThe term literally translates into firewater, and is a general term for alcohol that ranges from 20% to 60% alcohol content. This liquor is the most popular drink in Colombian cuisine, especially in the Andean regions. The drink, made from sugar cane and flavoured with anise, is typically drunk neat and can be found made in a variety of different ways both in Colombia and around the world.6. Ecuador: llapingachoIf you’re familiar with Colombian arepas, then you have a basic idea of what an Ecuadorian llapingacho is and how delicious it is. While the origin of the dish inside of Ecuador is still a bit murky, it basically involves frying up a cheese and mashed potato mix. While it is generally served along side eggs, sausages like chorizo, and salad, it’s preparation can vary. The crisp-like llapingachos can be made out of yuca and cassava too.7. French Guiana: FricasseeWhile there is a diverse array of foods that typify French Guiana, such as blaff, a seafood chowder, or roti, a stuffed flatbread â€" there is one food that continues to be a favorite amongst locals and visitors alike. While fricassee is just a general term used to identify the method of cooking meat, the French Guiana version serves this stew like concoction alongside a hearty helping of rice and beans. The meat used for this dish is normally game meat including tapir and paca.8. Guyana: PepperpotTraditionally eaten on Boxing Day, pepperpot is a meat stew that can find its origins in the ancient civilizations of South America. It is typically flavoured with cassareep, a sauce derived from cassava root, cinnamon and chili peppers. This dish is eaten with bread, rice or Guyanese roti and normally takes several hours to cook.9. Paraguay: KaguyjyAlso known as mazamorra, variations of this dish can be found in many South American countries as well as in the Caribbean and Spain. In Paraguay, it is called kaguyjy in Guarani and is essentially a rice dessert con sidered to be one of the most traditional in the country. Cooked with honey, milk and sugar, kaguyjy is often comparable to locro, a thick corn stew typical of the Andean regions.10. Peru: PicaronesWhile the history of churros and bunelos is still a bit murky, a general consensus has been reached over the origins of picarones. During colonial times, the Peruvian population started to make and modify the recipe of bunuelos as they were, then, too expensive to prepare. Made with squash and sweet potato, it takes on a circular form with a doughnut consistency. This delicious dessert is usually drenched with syrup.South American food culture isn't all about food recipes but also delicious drinksBonus South American RecipesSuriname: Bojo CakeWhile American cuisine is typically known for its flower based recipes, from apple pie in the north to the corn and meat pies of Chile â€" the Americas are also home to many flowerless delights. This is especially visible in the many desserts of Sout h America, and one particular recipe is both easy and delicious to make. Surinamese bojo cake recipes can vary from family to family, but the recipe generally involves these raisins, cassava and coconut.Uruguay: Capeletis a la carusoIf you didn’t know, Uruguayans eat a lot of pasta. Like many countries on the continent, Uruguayan gastronomy was influenced by the fusion of Amerindian, criolla or creole, and European cuisine. One country in particular, Italy, had a large influence on many of the classic dishes Uruguayans enjoy today. In fact, capeletis a la caruso was invented in the 1950s by a Montevideo restaurant. Named as an homage to the Italian opera singer Enrico Caruso, the sauce is comparable to bechamel and is generally made of cream, ham, cheese, mushrooms and nuts. The preparation of capeletis a la caruso naturally starts with making caruso sauce and adding it to round pasta like capeletis.Start making amazing dishes with the best cooking courses around.Venezuela: Chicha de arrozLike many of the world’s dishes, the exact origins of chicha are highly debated. In Venezuela, chicha de arroz is considered by many a traditional drink and can be bought alongside street food in many major cities. While in some countries this drink is normally fermented, the Venezuelan preparation involves boiling rice, milk and sugar and drinking it non-fermented. In the Andean region of Venezuela, this drink does involve adding fermented pineapple and is usually served on Boxing Day.

10 Famous Economic Theories

10 Famous Economic Theories What Is An Economic Model? ChaptersThere’s More Than One Economic ModelEach Great Economist Has Their Own Economic TheoryOther Examples Of Economic ModelsFind Out More About Your Favourite Economic TheoryAn economic model seeks to explain our economic reality, for example why markets behave the way they do. What's more,  an economic model seeks to test an assumption or theory about economic behaviour. However, how this is tested depends on the model used.Sam Ouliaris, a senior economist at the IMF Institute, suggests that economists will use either a theoretical economic model or an empirical economic model to test their theories.He argues that whilst a theoretical model will focus on providing qualitative answers and predictions of an individual's behaviour or market behaviour, an empirical model will seek to provide numerical substantiation to such theories. Further, how simple, or indeed complex, a model is, will depend on the economist creating the model, and what aims they are seeking to achieve.The div ision of labour;Free trade; andA laissez-faire economic system, including the belief that markets have a tendency to self-regulate.It is interesting to note that Adam Smith was a most controversial figure in his time.One reason for the derision his writings were often subjected to was the fact that the economic model he proposed was so contrary to the political machine of his day.It just so happened that Adam Smith was alive in a time of great change in his country.He was a mere babe when Scotland signed the Treaty of Union with England, releasing his country of onerous tariffs levied by England and opening lucrative trade routes with the American colonies.Naturally, he was not aware of these events, young as he was but, in his later years, they surely must have played a role in his theorising of economic matters.When he was in his teens â€" now, surely able to grasp the ramifications of events, the Bank of Scotland suffered accusations of being Jacobite sympathisers. In 1727, that bank’s rival received its Royal Charter.The two institutions attempted to drive each other out of business. These ‘bank wars’ ended in 1751 â€" coincidentally, only a few years before our Mr Smith published his Theory of Moral Sentiments.Essentially, the overarching belief of this school was that markets should always move to be in equilibrium. For example, over time, any change to supply should be equalled by a corresponding move in demand.In this work, he alludes to ‘the invisible hand’ in his contemplation of the rich; namely that they are compelled, not by law but by a moral imperative to distribute onto the poor the necessities of life â€" presumably wages and/or goods.Turns out that Mr Smith was an economist by default; his theories were formulated on morality rather than on any fiscal sense. Thus it comes as no surprise that he is considered an Enlightened thinker!My economics teacher London is a classical economist!Laissez-Faire CapitalismThe theory of Laissez-fair e capitalism is closely linked to classical economics as well as thinkers such as Adam Smith.Far from the lackadaisical impression this term suggests, this economic theory rests on five fundamentals:The basic unit of any society is the individualThe natural right to freedom mustn’t be denied to any individualNature herself is a harmonious and self-regulating systemIndividuals must closely watch corporations and other entities of the State because of their inclination to disrupt (the Smithian) spontaneous order.Even today, we find evidence of this economic model. Shareholders have the right to review company balance sheets, for example. Governments also apply this theory by instituting oversight committees and submitting to external audits.The fifth, most important tenet is that markets should always be competitive. Here is where the concept of Laisser Faire runs into trouble!Governments routinely adjust interest rates to stimulate their economies, meet their target inflation rates or add value to their currency.While these practices could be considered manipulation, they are generally accepted as a legitimate means of maintaining an economy.Corporations, on the other hand, are not permitted such tactics.When a company artificially inflates its stock, it shows as more valuable than it actually is on the stock markets, effectively forming an economic bubble with nothing to sustain it.Such pump and dump schemes are illegal and the perpetrators are generally caught... not by individuals, as the Laisser Faire doctrine states but by government overseers.Those that advocate such a system argue that markets are effectively self-regulating and that as a result government interference in economic policy, for example through imposing import or export tariffs, is harmful. As such, to obtain the most benefit for all, capitalism should be free to run its own course.There are different types of economic modelling. (Source: CC BY-SA 3.0, Jarry1250, Wikimedia Commons)Marxism Karl Marx may be better remembered as a philosopher, but it’s equally true that he contributed much to the field of economics.His two major works in economics and economic history were:Title (English)Title (German)First PublishedAuthorsThe Communist ManifestoManifest der Kommunistischen Partei1848Karl Marx and Friedrich EngelsCapitalDas Kapital1867Karl MarxAs many will be aware, Marx was not an advocate of capitalism and saw many faults with the system, including conflict and instability.As divergent as their thinking was, Marx and Smith’s philosophies were grounded in the same plot: economic modelling must be driven by a moral code.Karl Marx believed no one person was any better, more worthy or more deserving than anyone else.That being the case, why should one have riches and the other not? Or, more specifically, why should anyone suffer any lack when there is enough for everyone to have at least basic necessities, education and health care?His philosophies flew in the face of the day’s commonly-held beliefs.Bear in mind that his pronouncements came at a time when everyone who was able was fighting to get rich.After the Revolutions of 1848, when most European monarchies were overthrown, the transition from serfdom to an economic model where people bartered their labour proved far more difficult than anyone had foreseen.Young Marx deplored the idea of people selling their time and abilities for just enough sustenance while those they laboured for essentially took the place of the so recently vacated nobility class.It might seem contrary that Marx had no problem with capitalism as an economic model. Rather, he baulked at the concept of capital; the propensity of workers to become the tools of the business owners.Contrary to thinkers such as Adam Smith, Marx believed that at the heart of capitalism was the history of class struggle itself. In an almost Hegelian-vein, Marx argued that ultimately it would be this struggle that would destroy capitalism and t hat it would drive society towards a new age of communism.Efficient Market HypothesisThe Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) is a theory within the field of financial economics and is often referenced in relation to investments and the stock market.Essentially, EMH proposes that an investor can never “beat the market” because the stock market reflects all possible available information. Although this theory is commonly referenced and used, it has been the subject of fierce debate and criticism, with detractors arguing, for example, that figures such as Warren Buffett have been able to consistently beat the market for decades.The Efficient Market Hypothesis supposes that all checks and balances are in place and working, that every entity is absolutely honest and that market fluctuations are always predictable.Essentially, it is an effective way of embracing Laisser Faire economics and the ‘Invisible Hand’ postulate; a combination which would naturally foster fair trade.Because these economic fundamentals are in place and working well, no entity â€" investor or business would be able to play the market  to their advantage.Were it not for the human factor, this would be a lovely, compact economic theory.Let’s examine the effects of international policy in America on world financial markets, just for illustration purposes.Information bias, the propensity to seek more information about a situation even though it has no direct impact on any action, is an example of cognitive bias that affects the economy.Will my earnings be safe? Will other countries want to buy my products?Will investors continue to support my venture in good faith even though it seems that this government intends to disturb the equilibrium we’ve so far enjoyed?Even after absorbing all the possible information about the situation, these entities resort to their own, perhaps irrational thinking about it. Past practice shows they would likely shed more volatile stocks in favour of buying gr owth stocks, often at a higher rate.This trend has a dual effect on the economy.For one, it reduces the value of the riskier stocks and compels investors to bypass them.On the other hand, others would profit by buying those neglected stocks at a reduced rate as well as from the over-reaction of those selling growth stocks.That would be the Buffett formula, in case you were wondering.Each Great Economist Has Their Own Economic TheoryAs we mentioned above, there is a wide range of economic theories in existence. However, if you want to study the most influential or widely-supported economic theories, try reading the key theories of major economists.The Invisible HandAdam Smith, an 18th-century philosopher, is a pivotal figure in economics and has been associated with the classical school of economics.One of Smith’s most famous concepts was that of the “invisible hand,” which he describes in his work The Wealth of Nations. Illustrative of a free market economy, Smith argued that there was an invisible hand that guided the economy towards balance and equilibrium, despite the self-interest of individuals.Adam Smith's economic model has been hugely influential. (Source: CC BY-SA 3.0, Guinnog, Wikimedia Commons)Keynesian EconomicsJohn Maynard Keynes is one of the most famous figures in economics, largely due to the wide influence that his theories had on global markets in the 20th century.The key tenet of Keynesian economics was the idea that the government should involve itself in the running of a capitalist economy.Specifically, Keynes argued that governments should spend more during times of economic downturn in order to stabilise the economy and raise demand for goods and services. This, in turn, should help the economy to grow.As with all of these economic philosophies, we have to look at what was happening in the world and with various economies, to get a real sense of what, exactly, the economist intended by his model.There is little argument among econo mists today that America’s Great Depression was caused by that country’s central bank, The Fed, not taking action in the face of the banking crisis.Actions that might have averted the monumental economic collapse include lowering interest rates and regulating banks.Prior to the Great Depression, banks in the US were largely unregulated; they had the power to print money to meet all of their fiscal obligations. The Fed made no corresponding moves, leading to a disparity of worth between the two systems.The ensuing monetary contraction led to panic, causing people to rush to banks and withdraw all of their funds.That is if funds were available for withdrawal.The Keynesian model revolves around the idea that, if the central bank had oversight and control of local banks, the depression could have been avoided.In times of slowing economy, the government must run deficits in order to keep people employed because private sector businesses cannot be counted on to invest enough in produc tion to keep the economy afloat.Such deficits may include lowering taxes and increasing government spending (which would represent a deficit in their budget).Although he is not without his critics, as his ideas marked a step away from Laissez Faire policies espoused by the likes of Adam Smith, there is no denying the influence Keynes’ theories have had.Friedman MonetarismMilton Friedman, a U.S. economist, was, in contrast to Keynes, an advocate for the free market, and has been closely associated with the theory of monetarism.The Keynesian model advocated for the government manipulating the economy through fluctuating tax rates and varying government spending to suit the times.Monetarism, on the other hand, advocates for the government controlling how much money is in circulation but taking no action.In other words: the government should focus solely on maintaining sustainable rates of economic ability.Believing that manipulation of money’s growth rate or, indeed, the supply of money itself would destabilise the economy, Friedman proposed a fixed money rule, whereby the supply of money would be increased by a set percentage each year.Friedman believed in keeping wages and prices flexible as part of a Laissez Faire economy. In particular, the theory of monetarism argues that the amount of money in supply within an economy should be kept constant, with just enough room to grow naturally.As such, in contrast to Keynes, the concept of monetarism goes against proposals or suggestions for excessive government intervention or regulation.The monetarist economic theory calls for the government to keep their hands off of your money! Source: Pixabay Credit: JarmolukOther Examples Of Economic ModelsNew economic theories and models are developing all the time, and there have been major contributions to new economic fields, such as behavioural economics, over the past fifty years or so. We outline some of the more recent economic theories that any economics student or u niversity graduate should know about below.Asymmetric InformationThe concept of asymmetric information was brought to prominence by three economists:George Akerlof;Michael Spence; andJoseph Stiglitz.The argument is that, in a transaction, often one party (usually the seller) has access to more information and knowledge than the other party (usually the purchaser).Information asymmetry is not solely an economic problem: military leaders constantly miscalculate their prospects of victory â€" a classic case of information asymmetry.We see examples of unequal equations everywhere today: we don’t really know if North Korea is continuing to operate their nuclear facilities, whether the forces of ISIS really are decimated or how the European Union will trade with us post-Brexit â€" no matter what they say.In a perfect world, such negotiations would function like a chess game: all the pieces on the board and all of the possible moves obvious to anyone who studies the pieces.The implicatio n of this theory is that, contrary to some economic models that assume perfect information symmetry, markets do not, in fact, operate in this manner, and that the existence of asymmetric information can lead to “adverse selection.”Prospect TheoryDaniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky were the minds behind prospect theory. The theory posits that individuals, contrary to the assumptions in most economic models, are not always fully rational decision makers.Kahneman and Tversky used their research to argue that individuals value gains and losses differently, with greater emphasis placed on possible gains than possible losses. For this reason, this theory has also been described as the “loss aversion” theory.As a result, Kahneman and Tversky argue that some of our decisions are based more on emotion and our memories than logic. This theory falls within the field of behavioural economics and can be used to illustrate why people sometimes follow less than logical behaviours in financial markets.Game TheoryGame theory has wide-reaching applications, from  psychology to politics and  biology to  business.Naturally, it has also been welcomed within the area of economics. Essentially, the theory studies human conflict and co-operation in times of competition, and the strategies that individuals adopt as a result.You could say that Game Theory as applied to economics underscores the principles of classical economics:Division of labour: ‘players’ help each other outFree trade: participants assign their own values for bartering.Laisser-Faire: the game’s outcome would be self-regulatingThe Invisible Hand component refers to every game participant’s common sense of fair play and equanimity.Game theory has helped to address some issues that could not be explained by other schools of economic thought. For example, game theory helps to explain the concept of imperfect competition, which not all economic models allow for.One of the first pioneers of the field was John von Neumann, although there have been many other contributors, such as John Nash, who developed the Nash Equilibrium.Game theory is becoming an increasingly popular economic theory. (Source: CC BY-SA 2.0, brewbooks, Wikimedia Commons)Find Out More About Your Favourite Economic TheoryAlthough there are a number of economic theories and models out there, it’s worthwhile spending some time familiarising yourself with the most famous economic models. You can do so by reading books on the subject. This is for a variety of reasons, not least because:You can learn more about a particular school of economic thought;You can develop your understanding of a major economic thinker â€" from Keynes to Friedman; andYou can help improve your knowledge of your course or university curriculum.The best way to learn about particular economic models is to read the relevant works by their proponents, for example, The Wealth of Nations or Das Kapital, but if you need any extra help understanding key eco nomic theories you could also turn to a tutor for help, especially if you don't have the time to read every major economic text in detail.If you decide that an Economics tutor would be the best way to help you learn more about these important economic theories, then you could look for your A Level Economics tutor on an online tutoring site. Sites such as Superprof have a range of economics tutors who are very familiar with all the major economic theories listed above, and they would be happy to help you deepen your knowledge of these models.Superprof has economic tutors online!If you'd like to read up on the financial crisis of 2008, click here.